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Nucleic acid-based diagnostics for infectious diseases in public health affairs

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《医学前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第2期页码 173-186 doi: 10.1007/s11684-012-0195-5

摘要：

Infectious diseases, mostly caused by bacteria and viruses but also a result of fungal and parasitic infection, have been one of the most important public health concerns throughout human history. The first step in combating these pathogens is to get a timely and accurate diagnosis at an affordable cost. Many kinds of diagnostics have been developed, such as pathogen culture, biochemical tests and serological tests, to help detect and fight against the causative agents of diseases. However, these diagnostic tests are generally unsatisfactory because they are not particularly sensitive and specific and are unable to deliver speedy results. Nucleic acid-based diagnostics, detecting pathogens through the identification of their genomic sequences, have shown promise to overcome the above limitations and become more widely adopted in clinical tests. Here we review some of the most popular nucleic acid-based diagnostics and focus on their adaptability and applicability to routine clinical usage. We also compare and contrast the characteristics of different types of nucleic acid-based diagnostics.

关键词： nucleic acid-based diagnostics infectious disease PCR NASBA LAMP microarray LOAC public health affairs

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E-waste environmental contamination and harm to public health in China

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 220-228 doi: 10.1007/s11684-015-0391-1

摘要：

The adverse effects of electronic waste (e-waste) on the human body have stirred up concern in recent years. China is one of the countries that confront serious pollution and human exposure of e-waste, and the majority of the population is exposed to potentially hazardous substances that are derived from informal e-waste recycling processes. This study reviews recent reports on human exposure to e-waste in China, with particular focus on exposure routes (e.g., inhalation and ingestion) and several toxicities of human (e.g., endocrine system, respiratory system, reproductive system, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genetic toxicity). Pieces of evidence that associate e-waste exposure with human health effects in China are assessed. The role of toxic heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and nickel) and organic pollutants (e.g., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polyhalogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (PHAHs), bisphenol A (BPA)) on human health is also briefly discussed.

关键词： e-waste heavy metal organic pollutant hazardous toxicity human health China

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Connecting Information to Promote Public Health

Xue-mei Su,Jia Zhao

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第4期页码 384-389 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016054

摘要： With the development of information technology in the past 12 years, China has established the specialized or vertical web-based information systems for data collection of disease and related risk factor. These information systems are described as public health information systems (PHIS) in China. When PHIS has thus evolved in a haphazard and fragmented way under the pressure administrative, economic and legal, local health workers who are overburdened with multiple and time-consuming reporting requirements cannot deliver timely, accurate and complete data. Seeing that the information of disease surveillance is provided by hospitals and health service centers in China and that the development of electronic medical record (EMR) and electronic health record (EHR) occurs under the policy and investment of health since 2009 in China, there should be a connection and data sharing mechanism between EMR (EHR) and PHIS to support public health surveillance and public health decision-making. The paper aims at discussing current status and problems of PHIS in China, making a brief introduction on the blueprint of health information technology in China, exploring solution for interoperability between PHIS and EHR (EMR), and sharing some experiences and lessons from pilot project on automatic notifiable infectious disease reporting.

关键词： public health information system data exchange China

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健康中国战略背景下公共卫生院校教育发展研究

李建涛,张志红,曹利美,魏美琪,聂继盛,何纳,李立明,王彤

《中国工程科学》 2023年第25卷第5期页码 55-63 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.05.002

摘要： August 25, 2023

Corresponding author: Wang Tong is a professor from the School of PublicHealth, Shanxi Medical University.Her major research field is public health education.strong>Funding project: Chinese Academy of Engineering project “Research on China’s Modern PublicHealth System and Capacity Building Strategy”(2022-XBZD-18)

关键词：健康中国；公共卫生；公共卫生院校教育；公共卫生体系；人才培养

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Changes in public trust in physicians: empirical evidence from China

Dahai Zhao, Zhiruo Zhang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 504-510 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0666-4

摘要： Studies examining the trends in public trust in physicians have provided a considerable amount of valuable policy implications for policymakers compared with cross-sectional studies on this topic in many countries. This study investigated changes in public trust in physicians in China based on two cross-sectional national surveys conducted in 2011 and 2016 and identified the determinants of these changes. The results indicated 83.4% of respondents in 2011 reported trust or strong trust in physicians in China, which decreased to 64.2% by 2016. The results of ordinal logistic regression demonstrated that public trust in physicians in China had decreased significantly from 2011 to 2016 ( <0.001) after adjusting for other independent variables. Self-reported health status, self-rated happiness, and self-identified social class were all associated positively with public trust in physicians in China. The results also confirmed that decreasing public satisfaction with the most recent treatment experience was the major determinant of decreasing public trust in physicians in China. The findings of this study suggest that decreasing public trust in physicians deserves considerable attention from national policymakers and that improving satisfaction with treatment experiences would be the most effective strategy for enhancing public trust in physicians in China.

关键词： trust in physicians public trust physician-patient relationship health system performance

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弥合临床医学与公共卫生的裂痕强化我国的疾病控制工作

王陇德

《中国工程科学》 2009年第11卷第10期页码 148-152

摘要：

阐述临床医学与公共卫生的割裂给中国疾病预防控制工作带来的严重危害；并说明中国卫生系统近年来在弥合这一裂痕方面所做的巨大努力，例如建立了传染病网络直报系统和“不明原因肺炎”监测报告体系，加强了结核病控制工作中医疗机构与疾控机构的紧密衔接，以及临床医学逐步接纳现代疾病防控理念，为适应患者需求，在控制重大慢性疾病——脑中风中实施的医疗服务模式的重大转变。虽然这些改革措施已经在调整和加强临床与公共卫生两个子系统的联系与合作中发挥了作用，提高了疾病控制体系的整体效能，但是这些进展仅仅是初步的。卫生系统还需要在制定和实施“医疗机构公共卫生工作规范”等方面做出更多的努力，以推动疾病控制效能的进一步提高。

关键词：临床医学公共卫生裂痕疾病控制

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我国突发公共卫生事件科技应急支撑体系建设

李明穗,王卓然,武乐,蒋慧莉,杨俊涛,刘德培

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第6期页码 139-146 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.06.013

摘要：

科技应急支撑体系在我国历次突发公共卫生事件中发挥了重大作用。本文围绕我国突发公共卫生事件科技应急支撑体系建设，从科研基地平台布局、大数据技术应用、公共卫生科技投入、科研成果转化等方面开展发展现状的系统梳理。通过与医学科技前沿的发达国家比较，深入分析我国科技应急支撑体系建设面临的问题。针对基础研究薄弱、关键核心技术缺乏等问题，建议强化高校、医疗机构和科技企业的协同作用，提升我国基础医学研究能力、原创性医药产品和诊断试剂的研发能力。针对我国基地平台设施不足问题，建议强化国家生物资源样本中心建设，建立具有自我支撑能力的数据信息共享平台。针对公共卫生科技投入不足、人才体系不完善等问题，建议发挥国家医学科学院的引领作用，提升公共卫生领域的投入水平，完善人才评价、储备、培养机制。

关键词：突发公共卫生事件，卫生健康，科技支撑

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大健康背景下我国公共卫生人才培养的政策研究

段志光,王彤,李晓松,胡永华,梁晓峰,曾诚,任涛,罗会,张文平,徐建国

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 61-68 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.002

摘要：

在全球卫生状况不断变化、“健康中国”上升为国家战略的背景下，我国现有公共卫生人才培养在投入、过程和产出阶段均存在不足。本项目从国际视野与国内需求出发，分析研究我国公共卫生人才培养和教育发展的现状及问题，提出构建以院校教育—毕业后教育—继续教育为脉络的具有中国特色的大健康公共卫生人才培养体系，规范本科教育，优化研究生教育，加强继续教育，建立健全公共卫生人才培养的院校准入、专业准入、职业准入标准，切实落实政府在公共卫生教育改革中的完全责任等政策建议。

关键词：大健康公共卫生预防医学人才培养体系

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“平疫结合”的突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系建设研究

蔡健平,王晶

《中国工程科学》 2022年第24卷第6期页码 107-115 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.07.005

摘要：

构建“平疫结合”的突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系，是提高突发公共卫生事件医疗物资保障能力、完善突发公共卫生事件应急管理体系建设的重要方面。本文总结了我国突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系的发展现状，从制度建设、保障能力、协调机制3个层面剖析了我国医疗物资储备体系存在的问题；阐述了构建“平疫结合”的医疗物资储备体系的必要性与紧迫性，从基本内涵、基本框架、运行机制3个方面提出了“平疫结合”的医疗物资储备体系构建方案。研究建议，完善医疗物资储备制度，优化医疗物资储备体系，健全医疗物资储备体系运行机制，建立医疗物资储备信息共享平台，尽快形成“平疫结合”的突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系。

关键词：突发公共卫生事件医疗物资储备体系平疫结合基本框架运行机制

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我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系建设研究

杨丽君,郑静晨,黄钢,李明,费波,张世翔,南杰

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 9-17 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.002

摘要：

文章阐述了应急救援体系建设在突发公共卫生事件处置中的重要作用，从应急救援处置能力建设的角度，总结了此次抗击新冠肺炎疫情的特点，对抗击疫情的应急救援相关经验教训进行了总结与反思。本文研究内容对完善国家相关政策、制度，筑牢人民群众的生命健康防护网，保持国家安全发展的良好环境等方面具有重要意义。本文梳理了我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系构建的三个阶段的主要内容及特征，从机制、资源力量、整体水平三个方面分析了我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援工作存在的问题。在优化应急处置模式、科学布局与功能提升、专业人才队伍建设、应急物资保障、重视基层能力建设、多学科融合、“科研– 疾控– 临床”的协同、健全战时动员机制、加强国际合作、制定行动纲要等方面提出了针对我国突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系发展建设的战略建议。

关键词：突发公共卫生事件应急救援体系建设

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Characterising populations living close to intensive farming and composting facilities in England

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第15卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1332-z

摘要：

• Bioaerosol emitted from farming and composting facilities may pose health risks.

关键词： Composting Intensive farming Bioaerosol Population characteristics Public health

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健康管理的现状与发展策略

李江,陶沙,李明,傅华,王克安,田传胜,王陇德

《中国工程科学》 2017年第19卷第2期页码 8-15 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2017.02.002

摘要：

本文以文献研究为基础，通过选取江苏、浙江、上海三地有代表性的社区卫生服务中心、企业、健康保险公司以及健康管理服务机构共17家单位开展了调研，结果发现我国在开展健康管理过程中存在一些问题，如社区卫生服务中心无论在人员配备上还是服务内容上都与有效的健康管理服务存在差距；企业具有开展健康管理的意愿，外资企业与大型国企都已经开展了有益的尝试并取得了不错的效果，国内中小型企业、公司缺乏独立开展职工健康管理的能力；健康保险公司由于缺乏盈利模式大多不愿意开展健康险服务，健康管理多作为附加选项服务于高端客户；健康管理服务公司的业务以体检为主，大多并没有开展真正意义上的健康管理。针对这些问题课题组提出了八个相关的政策建议及相应的对策。

关键词：健康管理健康风险评估生命全程基本公共卫生服务临床预防服务社区卫生服务健康保险

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我国公共卫生安全应急情报区块链共享体系研究

陈晓红,徐雪松,邵红燕,胡东滨,粟芸,毛星亮,唐湘博

《中国工程科学》 2021年第23卷第5期页码 41-50 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.05.006

摘要：

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情（以下简称“新冠肺炎疫情”）已经造成严重的人员伤亡和经济损失，加强突发性公共卫生安全应急情报协同机制研究，构建更加高效可信的情报共享体系，已经成为完善和优化我国公共卫生安全情报管理的核心问题。本文分析了新冠肺炎疫情下公共卫生安全应急情报的结构特征和内涵，提出了我国突发疫情应急情报组织管理的新架构。结合区块链分布式信任机制，构建了分层级的应急部门情报共享区块链模型，深入阐述了应急情报联盟区块链、区块结构以及侧链交互机制的实现方式，给出了应急情报的上传、共享、下载与回溯流程。以南京市疫情发展为实证，通过情景模拟来验证本模型的有效性，并提出应对疫情的政策建议。为我国构建一个满足重大疫情防控需求且有力支撑平战结合、平疫结合应急管理的新型公共卫生情报体系提供决策参考及可行路径。

关键词：新冠疫情公共卫生安全应急情报共享联盟链

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and H5N1 avian influenza viruses in poultry in China poses a serious threat to poultry industry and publichealth

Jiao HU,Xiufan LIU

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第1期页码 11-24 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2016092

摘要： The H9N2 and H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been circulating in poultry in China and become endemic since 1998 and 2004, respectively. Currently, they are prevalent in poultry throughout China. This endemicity makes them actively involved in the emergence of the novel lineages of other subtypes of influenza viruses, such as the well-known viruses of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 and the 2013 novel H7N7, H7N9 and H10N8 subtypes, thereby threatening both the poultry industry and public health. Here, we will review briefly the prevalence and evolution, pathogenicity, transmission, and disease control of these two subtypes and also discuss the possibility of emergence of potentially virulent and highly transmissible AIVs to humans.

关键词： avian influenza virus H9N2 H5N1 novel viruses public health

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重新审视建筑物立面，将其作为基础设施 Perspective

Doris Sung

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第1期页码 63-68 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.008

摘要：

如城市里街道和人行道的坚硬表面一样，城市建筑物的水平或垂直表面也造成了世界范围内大城市气温的不断上升。但是，人们并没有采取任何改善措施，而是把建筑物立面看作为室内人员提供舒适环境的结构，并忽略其对室外产生的影响，或是把它当做其所有者可识别美感的象征。本文提出了将建筑物立面作为“户外行人福利管家”的反思，以及将公共健康作为建筑物立面附加功能的概念，该概念强调要考虑户外行人的利益和健康。如果把一个城市建筑物的全部表面积看做是城市基础设施的一部分，那么它的作用不仅是使室外的空间更加舒适、卫生、宜人，还要有助于缓解城市气温上升这一更大的问题。

关键词：建筑物立面基础设施公共行人舒适度建筑物立面与公众健康